Fox is a common
name for many species of omnivorous mammals belonging to the Canidae family. Foxes are small to medium-sized
canids (slightly smaller than a medium-sized domestic dog), characterized
by possessing a long narrow snout, and a bushy tail (or brush).
Members of about
37 species are referred to as foxes, of which only 12
species actually belong to the Vulpes genus of "true foxes". By far the
most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), although various
species are found on almost every continent. The presence of fox-like carnivores all over the globe, together with their
widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their appearance in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world (see
also Foxes in culture). The hunting of foxes with packs of
hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially the British Isles,
was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World.
In the wild,
foxes can live for up to 10 years, but most foxes only live for 2 to 3 years
due to hunting, road accidents and diseases. Foxes are generally smaller than
other members of the family Canidae such as wolves, jackals, and
domestic dogs. Male foxes are
called Reynards, and weigh, on average, around 5.9 kilograms (13 lb)
while female foxes, called vixens, weigh less, at around 5.2 kilograms
(11.5 lb). Fox-like features
typically include a distinctive muzzle (a "fox face") and bushy tail.
Other physical characteristics vary according to habitat. For example, the fennec fox (and other species of fox adapted to life in
the desert, such as the kit fox) has large ears and short fur, whereas the Arctic fox has tiny ears and thick, insulating fur.
Another example is the red fox which has a typical auburn pelt, the tail
normally ending with white marking. Litter sizes can vary greatly according to species and
environment – the Arctic fox, for example, has an average litter of four to five, with eleven as
maximum.
Unlike many Canidis, foxes are not always pack animals. Typically, they live in small family
groups, and are opportunistic feeders that hunt live prey (especially rodents). Using a
pouncing technique practiced from an early age, they are usually able to kill
their prey quickly. Foxes also gather a wide variety of other foods ranging
from grasshoppers to fruit and berries. The gray fox is one of only two canine species known to
climb trees; the other is the raccoon dog.
Foxes are normally extremely wary of human and are not usually kept as indoor pets; however, the silver fox was successfully domesticated in Rusia after 45-year selective breeding program. This selective breeding also resulted in physical and behavioral traits appearing that are frequently seen in domestic cats, dog, and other animals, such as pigmentation changes, floppy ears, and curly tails.
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